P0f is a tool that utilizes an array of sophisticated, purely passive traffic fingerprinting mechanisms to identify the players behind any incidental TCP/IP communications (often as little as a single normal SYN) without interfering in any way. Version 3 is a complete rewrite of the original codebase, incorporating a significant number of improvements to network-level fingerprinting, and introducing the ability to reason about application-level payloads (e.g., HTTP). The tool can be operated in the foreground or as a daemon, and offers a simple real-time API (via unix domain sockets) for third-party components that wish to obtain additional information about the actors they are talking to.
WWW: http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/p0f.shtml
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